研究陳規(guī)定型觀念對國際象棋表現(xiàn)的影響
指南者留學 2022-07-18 15:31:26 閱讀量:1317
<div data-page-id="doxcnd7cymteVW8Y3BVikUPPfrb" data-docx-has-block-data="true"> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnqC4KqkWGWw2KAxZllU9sPg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">一項新的研究表明,關于女性下棋能力的刻板印象可以解釋為什么她們在競爭激烈的環(huán)境中與男性比賽時表現(xiàn)更差。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcniw0cWYK0iUmcaN8a0QP2ob" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="image-uploaded gallery old-record-id-doxcnIQeqiSMMkUiOUvMFDRkuf3" data-type="image" data-ace-gallery-json="{&quot;items&quot;:[{&quot;uuid&quot;:&quot;e8cf8878-51be-48b1-bd49-b5ee4ccb979e&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:440,&quot;width&quot;:780,&quot;currHeight&quot;:440,&quot;currWidth&quot;:780,&quot;natrualHeight&quot;:440,&quot;natrualWidth&quot;:780,&quot;pluginName&quot;:&quot;imageUpload&quot;,&quot;scale&quot;:1,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https%3A%2F%2Finternal-api-drive-stream.feishu.cn%2Fspace%2Fapi%2Fbox%2Fstream%2Fdownload%2Fall%2FboxcnLHQGQz7TmZ84wvlUFIKybh%2F%3Fmount_node_token%3DdoxcnIQeqiSMMkUiOUvMFDRkuf3%26mount_point%3Ddocx_image&quot;,&quot;file_token&quot;:&quot;boxcnLHQGQz7TmZ84wvlUFIKybh&quot;,&quot;image_type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:229799,&quot;comments&quot;:[]}]}"><span class="p"><img src="https://info.compassedu.hk/sucai/content/1658993444633/1658993444633.png" width="780" height="440" /></span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn446IMKug48IwiYTGjqITle" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="h6">該研究檢查了數(shù)千場國際象棋比賽的結果和表現(xiàn)。&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;圖片:FELIX MITTERMEIER/UNSPLASH</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnSiUic64kiKyoy0kHnifuTg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQcCWmiQya0uIwjnrSaCJah" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">盡管沒有證據(jù)表明男性具有先天優(yōu)勢,但女性國際象棋專家在與男性選手競爭時犯的錯誤增加了11%,而男性在與男性競爭時,即使她們通常會辭職,男性也會繼續(xù)與女性比賽更長的時間 - 平均為8%。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnGUGyGKQS2UwCKgWL0XSdEd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn84EWA24Asm8E8jvaznoSfg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">這兩個因素都意味著,在競爭性國際象棋中,女性與男性對手的平均得分較低 - 即使研究人員控制了玩家的固定效應,年齡和預期表現(xiàn)(由Elo評級衡量)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcns6mkgQQScwCywPlWMqCzPg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <blockquote class=" old-record-id-doxcn8Gu8MMIyE8gOim5ecuUnRg" data-type="quote_container"> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnSoa6S6kk6SS2AdF55hdjkd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="h6">以前的研究表明,刻板印象會導致不同的信念,而這些信念又與差異的表現(xiàn)相關。至于將信念和表現(xiàn)聯(lián)系起來的實際機制,這些機制可能與努力或不足或過度自信的變化有關。&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span class="h6">&mdash;&mdash; 圣地亞哥&middot;桑切斯博士</span></div> </blockquote> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcniKqwOEGKsKCoWK6T6Hk1Jc" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn0Ww2eGsAEou8s3t8jiSrgd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究結果發(fā)表在一篇新論文《性別,競爭和表現(xiàn):來自國際象棋選手的證據(jù)》中,該論文由圣地亞哥&middot;桑切斯-佩奇博士(倫敦國王學院),Peter Backus博士(曼徹斯特大學),Maria Cubel博士(巴斯大學),Matej Guid博士(盧布爾雅那大學)和Enrique Lopez Manas共同撰寫。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn6E4OiYkwc6SsCAELDP3kMd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnq8sue4AAk240y0K7Nayvjd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究人員說:&ldquo;我們發(fā)現(xiàn),游戲的性別構成對結果的影響主要是由女性玩家在與男性比賽時犯更大的錯誤驅(qū)動的。這與男性球員形成鮮明對比,無論對手的性別如何,他們都打得同樣出色。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnSwiOYYwM0WsK8zTyzou3mh" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnGqcGYI6MyAAwuSP13GLqse" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&ldquo;我們還發(fā)現(xiàn),平均而言,男性在與女性比賽時在辭職前堅持的時間更長,這降低了女性玩家在與男性對手的比賽中可以獲得的分數(shù)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUKcEa0UUIKggQdDlkAk5oe" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcni8UGEwoaISumikRnt1UYcd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&ldquo;我們的研究結果提供了證據(jù),證明性別間競爭以不利于女性結果的方式改變了男性和女性的行為。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcncA6gu6sGWGIK2XNa8r4mCe" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnwSqGuw4wKqMEiWI2X9amgg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究人員使用了來自154個國家聯(lián)合會的14,056名棋手在18個月內(nèi)進行的79,000多場國際象棋比賽的數(shù)據(jù)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcngUM20oWi4kWoCmbK02quuc" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn80qwyUuSgmAysZYfYhOtqb" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究人員對男女之間結果差異的一種解釋是,人們對女性下棋的相對能力有著根深蒂固的信念。女性在男女混合錦標賽選手中僅占11%左右,在特級大師中僅占2%。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn4AYKowa648oqeKNsYh4bJc" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnsE2QawKogUg6EzdXBn0ode" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究人員說:&ldquo;以前的研究表明,刻板印象會導致不同的信念,而這些信念又與差異的表現(xiàn)相關。至于將信念和表現(xiàn)聯(lián)系起來的實際機制,這些機制可能與努力或不足或過度自信的變化有關。</span></div> </div>
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