<div data-page-id="doxcnJNncc5Mcxzsu0ZhhkBYVib" data-docx-has-block-data="true"> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnEAkcGga64CYMaYtJa3S6Kh"><span class="p"><strong>一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，社會(huì)隔離改變了大黃蜂的行為和大腦發(fā)育，但并沒(méi)有以研究人員預(yù)期的方式改變。被隔離的大黃蜂通過(guò)后來(lái)變得更加社交來(lái)彌補(bǔ)這一點(diǎn)。</strong></span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMuOyYWs6KGAgOMx7kfyBWg">&nbsp;</div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnCSOeiIkigEg0eqzW1YOPTc"><span class="p">該研究探討了大黃蜂如何受到關(guān)鍵發(fā)育時(shí)期社會(huì)孤立的影響，大黃蜂在很大程度上取決于其生存的社會(huì)本能。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUeg6gam0gQ40qyRO9seRMc"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnoq42ICAI4OA8YNTLV8rQDf"><span class="p">研究人員驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些孤立的蜜蜂長(zhǎng)成了社會(huì)蝴蝶，表現(xiàn)出親和或&ldquo;友好&rdquo;行為的增加 - 與他們預(yù)測(cè)的相反。詳細(xì)介紹結(jié)果的論文于5月17日發(fā)表在《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》上。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn6QkEsQ4ioWAwMzvmykeu2e"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUakQiwIe4emU4Uvt4bcZ3b"><span class="p">該團(tuán)隊(duì)由生態(tài)學(xué)和進(jìn)化生物學(xué)助理教授Sarah Kocher以及Lewis-Sigler綜合基因組學(xué)研究所領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，對(duì)三組大黃蜂進(jìn)行了一系列測(cè)試。一些蜜蜂被隔離，一些留在原來(lái)的殖民地（殖民地飼養(yǎng)），一些被安置在一小群蜜蜂（群體飼養(yǎng)）中。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn6q2uAUMc8UcqUTLvlp3Zrh"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn8smiUIWsEC20AnklDOutJf"><span class="p">研究小組預(yù)計(jì)，正如之前在各種生物體中所顯示的那樣，被社會(huì)孤立的大黃蜂將表現(xiàn)出更具侵略性的行為，并且與社會(huì)伴侶的互動(dòng)更少。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMgCiCkw8e0waCi96LAvPMh"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnSUQMq2eGKYKuSUm7w6WB9e"><span class="p">&ldquo;與此相反，我們沒(méi)有看到大黃蜂的攻擊性行為增加，&rdquo;Kocher實(shí)驗(yàn)室的博士后研究員Yan Wang說(shuō)。&ldquo;事實(shí)上，我們看到關(guān)聯(lián)行為總體上有所增加。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnis2AYWyQcWse8t0bOh37le"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnmoYoIqseYUG0OIzyFjeLod"><span class="p">研究大黃蜂的大腦發(fā)育可以為有關(guān)大腦發(fā)育和社會(huì)性進(jìn)化的更廣泛?jiǎn)栴}提供關(guān)鍵見(jiàn)解。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnqCuKoggQOii2A3RFwyGOcg"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnmCAOukCqis0Ua8OpQNCl0f"><span class="p">&ldquo;由于昆蟲(chóng)和脊椎動(dòng)物共享一個(gè)共同的進(jìn)化祖先，許多相同的分子機(jī)制塑造了這兩個(gè)群體的大腦，&rdquo;Kocher說(shuō)。&ldquo;因此，我們?cè)诿鄯渖砩系脑S多發(fā)現(xiàn)也可能延伸到脊椎動(dòng)物身上。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcngW0Q0wIcMCsk0gudWQ0YGh"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnCoEwK2q2ykYu4IxLyfVCzd"><span class="p">這就是為什么擁有神經(jīng)科學(xué)博士學(xué)位的Wang有興趣加入這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的原因。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn4UqcweEUSOeCwFuzJUHUGd"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnagmCCeY6WUk6W4aGycNaSh"><span class="p">&ldquo;大黃蜂已經(jīng)成為開(kāi)發(fā)許多用于研究社會(huì)性以及腦科學(xué)的尖端工具的絕佳候選者，&rdquo;王說(shuō)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnM8ICyAGmoemwCOtweWn9ce"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUsuIaEKY2eW8OUJr7fq1af"><span class="p">另一個(gè)令人驚訝的轉(zhuǎn)折是，比較單獨(dú)飼養(yǎng)的蜜蜂與一組蜜蜂的大腦發(fā)育的結(jié)果驚人地相似，表明只有少數(shù)其他蜜蜂可以與之互動(dòng)，足以使它們發(fā)展出與整個(gè)蜂群相同水平的社交技能。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUkGuM42u8qcQoRCq71BRee"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnOEQ2Kig4oo4way2YjMskPd"><span class="p">然而，根據(jù)Wang的說(shuō)法，這些分離出的蜜蜂的結(jié)果&ldquo;到處都是&rdquo;，并且在大腦各個(gè)區(qū)域的大小和基因表達(dá)方面比研究人員預(yù)期的要隨機(jī)得多。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn2IyUUoae8UoYAFf68T1qTf"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnicUiGUaOw2eMw9KNK6Z5Cc"><span class="p">&ldquo;我們的研究結(jié)果表明，在沒(méi)有這種社會(huì)環(huán)境的情況下，大腦如何發(fā)育存在某種可控的混亂，&rdquo;王說(shuō)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnS08GUEoaeOMK8kpCbcs00b"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUikKCSy0MUAAYBzQu7CQ8c"><span class="p">研究人員還確定了六個(gè)基因，這些基因在分離的蜜蜂的大腦中與群體和殖民地飼養(yǎng)的蜜蜂不同，其中幾個(gè)涉及與人類和其他脊椎動(dòng)物相同的分子機(jī)制。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn6OyIsMicouEUSgwLehzLwh"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn2cioWSu20a2igRa5oC2OYc"><span class="p">目前，該團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)孤立的大黃蜂的社會(huì)性水平提高的主要假設(shè)是，他們從未學(xué)會(huì)如何<em>不對(duì)</em>他人做出反應(yīng)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnOsYQIoOsCW8e241pFqXWdV"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn80IWWYk8kik8GuYW4fLYAb"><span class="p">&ldquo;在擁擠的大黃蜂蜂巢中，即使旁邊有另一只大黃蜂，你也需要能夠繼續(xù)做你正在做的事情，這是有道理的，&rdquo;物理學(xué)研究生Grace McKenzie-Smith說(shuō)。&ldquo;因此，社會(huì)發(fā)展可能涉及學(xué)習(xí)何時(shí)不對(duì)另一只蜜蜂的存在做出反應(yīng)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn0EAaOeyekAisWCMFJLkCLc"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnoc8E6uMqIAeMw7IfZqGJTh"><span class="p">這只是一個(gè)假設(shè)，要真正了解這一點(diǎn)，就需要更多的研究。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnk6qu8Ue0SueGCYwQjA6kWg"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnW2Mok6ceWoIM65GlYzFb3d"><span class="p">Kocher說(shuō)，這項(xiàng)研究也為了解蜜蜂和其他傳粉媒介如何受到氣候變化的影響開(kāi)辟了一條道路。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQmEyumMsamI2MHCd8ZAUqk"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnwiU4MUyUQ6sQeJE4gvnmgb"><span class="p">&ldquo;環(huán)境的變化，社會(huì)或其他方面，都會(huì)對(duì)行為產(chǎn)生令人驚訝的影響，&rdquo;Kocher說(shuō)。&ldquo;更大的框架是了解意想不到的環(huán)境變化如何塑造行為，以及這如何影響傳粉媒介對(duì)氣候變化的反應(yīng)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcneigekwQmakaeWG0sv8nYmf"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <h2 class="heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-doxcnyIUC66IKqEk08L5xW6kU5g"><span class="p"><strong>來(lái)自運(yùn)動(dòng)映射軟件的協(xié)助</strong></span></h2> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnKykIGaAoQKGkqaos57P94e"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMWQUYgWomC0qKoaTvhOhvh"><span class="p">弄清楚如何在一個(gè)狹小的實(shí)驗(yàn)室里單獨(dú)容納300多只蜜蜂是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，團(tuán)隊(duì)在找到一個(gè)可行的設(shè)置之前，經(jīng)歷了多次反復(fù)試驗(yàn)和錯(cuò)誤。他們最終得到的是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，研究人員開(kāi)始稱之為蜜蜂酒店。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnYQOECGiaOeEooFOeNHAc9f"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcns82uGKC8kUMyAfTbpz096E"><span class="p">每只大黃蜂都被安置在自己的私人空間里&mdash;&mdash;一個(gè)堆疊在一起的其他小盒子中的一個(gè)小盒子。該結(jié)構(gòu)使每只蜜蜂或一小群蜜蜂免受其他居民可能發(fā)出的視覺(jué)，聲音，氣味或振動(dòng)信號(hào)引起的任何干擾。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQyccyySqiMckcpfXNmeLhg"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="image-uploaded gallery old-record-id-doxcn4g6OwyswUoOE8R0905Glth" data-type="image" 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Khan/Fotobuddy</em></span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn4kygWIcO8S8CCEwzcC16rh" style="text-align: center;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnCs8YkwsgS8UcSidHOkfLWc"><span class="p">經(jīng)過(guò)精心安排的九天住宿后，該團(tuán)隊(duì)開(kāi)始收集所有三類蜜蜂的數(shù)據(jù)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnWGmwEwssOsCaUt4nQPTIle"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMgwcqo4ikw4gKuFTXq9uug"><span class="p">他們進(jìn)行了測(cè)試，分析了蜜蜂大腦各個(gè)區(qū)域的基因表達(dá)和物理大小，并將蜜蜂放置在培養(yǎng)皿中，以單獨(dú)和成對(duì)地監(jiān)測(cè)它們的行為。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn2wo6EkouKs240C9EO3QXOf"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn6yKuqc4Gg6mwUHZAwvoiee"><span class="p">由于普林斯頓大學(xué)開(kāi)發(fā)了一種名為SLEAP（Social LEAP估計(jì)動(dòng)物姿勢(shì)）的革命性新姿勢(shì)跟蹤軟件，研究人員能夠定量分析蜜蜂的行為。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnASEYYa2easUKEtH1GC7ARb"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn4g88Qwq8wAUuOWg1zcriPc"><span class="p">&ldquo;如果沒(méi)有SLEAP，我們將不得不手工完成所有分析，&rdquo;McKenzie-Smith說(shuō)，他負(fù)責(zé)該項(xiàng)目的大部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)分析。&ldquo;當(dāng)你這樣做的時(shí)候，你引入了很多人類的偏見(jiàn)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcng6wsYCWMygsewRoJIOEG0e"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnwaEqWumogIy6oVuyYJGixd"><span class="p">該軟件是普林斯頓大學(xué)教授Joshua Shaevitz（物理學(xué)教授，Lewis-Sigler Integrative Genomics研究所）和神經(jīng)科學(xué)教授Mala Murthy團(tuán)隊(duì)合作創(chuàng)建的，其工作方式是首先讓研究人員將視頻饋送到它應(yīng)該跟蹤的動(dòng)物的軟件中。然后，它使用人工智能來(lái)識(shí)別各種身體部位，并為每個(gè)身體部位提供逐幀像素坐標(biāo)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnuqgi0s2kICkOyGGotu6vYd"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnSmsAu2Sic2sAgRoXV5Pzfd"><span class="p">在蜜蜂的身體部位被識(shí)別出來(lái)后，研究人員使用名為Motion Mapper的軟件，這是Shaevitz和Murthy合作的早期開(kāi)發(fā)，從身體部位位置提取動(dòng)態(tài)信息。這種技術(shù)使它們不僅可以了解蜜蜂四肢的位置，還可以了解蜜蜂如何移動(dòng)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnuIOi8wKu2cwQC30PsPeWnb"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnU8yew4OeikGE4UZTLltPVd"><span class="p">&ldquo;能夠拍攝原始視頻并在以后人工標(biāo)記不同的身體部位，使這個(gè)工具非常通用，在社交，多動(dòng)物的背景下，我們真的非常令人興奮，&rdquo;王說(shuō)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnoAYkEQW4sSK4QbJVMEOBwc"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <h2 class="heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-doxcnKEwQcskMec6c637XtM7aGe"><span class="p"><strong>需要思考的問(wèn)題</strong></span></h2> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnw4EEO2coAGGweOtitmisQh"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnqeqWg4MqWqOGCeBMyYms2b"><span class="p">研究人員在使用這項(xiàng)技術(shù)時(shí)觀察到的附屬行為的一個(gè)例子是蜜蜂在彼此的頭部和身體上摩擦觸角，這種活動(dòng)稱為<em>天線。</em></span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnGQOwC28kIaisy08kwIvvkg"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnOs6QMIgUCUqwGclaEky69e"><span class="p">&ldquo;在蜂群中長(zhǎng)大的蜜蜂通常會(huì)在這種面對(duì)面的定向中花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間，&rdquo;Kocher說(shuō)。&ldquo;這是一個(gè)非常重要的化學(xué)線索。當(dāng)它們觸摸觸角時(shí)，它們實(shí)際上是在來(lái)回傳遞化學(xué)信息，這樣它們就可以知道蟻群中的其他人是誰(shuí)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnWgAIYy6wYgqI6cj9ienl7Y"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnIy4mMMeGsySYsvUhNdSz9c"><span class="p">被隔離的蜜蜂，當(dāng)被重新引入另一只蜜蜂時(shí)，這樣做的頻率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于整個(gè)社會(huì)群體中飼養(yǎng)的蜜蜂。他們以一種不尋常的方式做到了這一點(diǎn)，在他們?nèi)绾蜗嗷ソ佑|方面有更多的變化。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn6QsSesCQqCuGaiyEz5z4wg"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnYSYEmS86KamWsvmEHDlhrd"><span class="p">&ldquo;你可以想到的一種方式是想象你來(lái)和我握手，但我沒(méi)有和你的手握手，而是試圖握住你的膝蓋，&rdquo;科赫說(shuō)。&ldquo;對(duì)于具有社交經(jīng)驗(yàn)的蜜蜂來(lái)說(shuō)，這并不是一種有意義的社交互動(dòng)。所以我認(rèn)為這是這項(xiàng)研究中得出的一個(gè)非常有趣的見(jiàn)解。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQOooc6sqYiqiUdDzh4yULY"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn2Oc0ceUSsYqQ0iW6GPXwzc"><span class="p">從SLEAP獲得的行為數(shù)據(jù)，以及對(duì)蜜蜂基因表達(dá)和大腦發(fā)育的分析，得出了令人驚訝的答案，給Kocher留下了很多值得思考的問(wèn)題。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQYSsSEEOCWsKKCv6MqEGPe"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMSEcmcSwu4Ic4IxStgPKyc"><span class="p">由于隔離而增加的社交互動(dòng)在社會(huì)昆蟲(chóng)中很常見(jiàn)嗎？這種增長(zhǎng)是由于缺乏學(xué)習(xí)如何回應(yīng)社會(huì)伙伴，還是因?yàn)槊鄯鋸奈磳W(xué)會(huì)如何避免負(fù)面互動(dòng)？在發(fā)育的九天期間，這些變化何時(shí)發(fā)生，這些變化是永久性的嗎？它們是可逆的嗎？</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnqSe2cC8GqaEuQdVFyRO3Bd"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn4ga4EcAUeOUkWKEKw8YSQg"><span class="p">所有這些都是這個(gè)項(xiàng)目提出的問(wèn)題，Kocher認(rèn)為可能值得進(jìn)一步探索。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnw0iEgSMSISUoM5fAXLnNhb"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQ2qgWmqEKWGkt1TmaHkkkX"><span class="p">&ldquo;我感興趣的一件事就是類似的實(shí)驗(yàn)，但在蜂巢中，&rdquo;McKenzie-Smith說(shuō)。&ldquo;大黃蜂蜂箱具有復(fù)雜的3D結(jié)構(gòu)，這使得成像它們變得非常困難，但現(xiàn)在計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室正在使用一些技術(shù)可以解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnwMokuYMW2UyaKIgfZmnM8n"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnEeguM6c8sgooeModvkGKgb"><span class="p">根據(jù)McKenzie-Smith的說(shuō)法，像這樣的項(xiàng)目可能是有價(jià)值的，以便了解大黃蜂的社會(huì)行為如何在大黃蜂中更自然地發(fā)展，以及它如何在它們的一生中發(fā)展。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn8CwgGY0mUQIo4Q3RuM2opc"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcneYsoQkCGsUOuAzk2rJWOMg"><span class="p">該研究由Z. Yan Wang，Grace C. McKenzie-Smith，Weijie Liu，Hyo Jin Cho，Talmo Pereira，Zahra Dhanerawala，Joshua W. Shaevitz和Sarah D. Kocher于2022年5月17日發(fā)表在《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》（第32卷，第12期）雜志上，<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.066" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.066</a>。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnYMikSaAcO2aqQVtMsSJISe"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnIW4WsEgE8Smki8c1XpWB1f"><span class="p">這項(xiàng)工作得到了美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院（NIH）撥款NIH R01 NS10489，U19 NS104648和1DP2GM137424-01，普林斯頓催化倡議和Lewis-Sigler綜合基因組學(xué)研究所的支持。這項(xiàng)工作也得到了美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)基金會(huì)通過(guò)生物功能物理中心（PHY-1734030）的部分支持。</span></div> </div>